Between voices: An analysis of a Xakriabá recording from indigenous and non-indigenous perspectives

Abstract

This article presents an analysis of an audio recording documenting the Xakriabá language of the encantados (spirit beings), from the perspectives of Krẽka-Xakriabá epistemology and non-indigenous epistemology. The content of the recording functions both as a symbol and as an expression of Krẽka people's spirituality, while also constituting a particular instance of mantic speech involving a syncretic combination of features of glossolalia and xenoglossy. The recording was analyzed using a practical orthography for transcription, followed by discussions involving a faculty member from an Intercultural Education teacher education program, a course collaborator, students, and Indigenous elders and knowledge holders from the Krẽka people. The intercultural and interepistemic approach adopted in this study seeks to contribute to the strengthening and reclamation of the Xakriabá language and culture. Despite the differing perspectives expressed by Indigenous students and knowledge holders, on the one hand, and non-indigenous professors, on the other, reflecting the distinct epistemological frameworks underpinning their respective educational backgrounds, points of convergence emerged. These included recognition of the recording's importance for Xakriabá language revitalization initiatives, as well as acknowledgment of the relevance of cultural dimensions, such as traditional spirituality, to the affirmation and appreciation of Indigenous identity.