Experiences of Waste Pickers in Latin America's Biggest Open Dump and the Transition to Cooperative Solution: A Thematic Analysis

Abstract

This study explores the experiences of waste pickers as they transition from working at the Estrutural landfill --- Latin America's largest open dump --- to joining cooperative structures in Brazil's Federal District. Using reflexive thematic analysis of 20 in-depth interviews conducted in June 2025, it investigates how these workers perceived this major change in their livelihoods and social conditions. Four key themes emerged: (1) Landfill Work Experiences, covering survival needs, hazardous conditions, violence, discrimination, and economic benefits; (2) Transition Process, involving the impactful closure and the tough adjustment to cooperative models; (3) Cooperative Work Experiences, highlighting improved conditions, dignity, organization, but also operational difficulties and limited government support; and (4) Social and Family Transformation, reflecting changes in family relations, educational access, and social recognition. The findings show that although the transition improved working conditions, safety, and social dignity, it also led to lower income and autonomy. The study underscores the complex process of formalizing informal work and offers critical insights for public policy, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive support systems that address both the advantages and challenges of cooperative integration and ensure sufficient government backing for sustainable waste management.