Environmental Impact Mitigation Strategies for Cutting Fluids in Machining

Abstract

The use of cutting fluids in machining processes is widely adopted due to their benefits related to friction reduction, temperature control, and extended tool life. However, the conventional use of these fluids is associated with significant environmental impacts, occupational health risks, and high costs related to treatment and disposal. In this context, this study presents a narrative literature review addressing the main strategies adopted to mitigate the environmental impacts resulting from the use of cutting fluids in machining processes. The methodology was based on the critical analysis of scientific articles, technical books, and relevant standards, covering alternatives such as biodegradable cutting fluids, dry machining, and the Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) technique. The reviewed studies indicate that biodegradable cutting fluids, especially those based on vegetable oils, exhibit high biodegradability and adequate lubricating performance, while the MQL technique is reported in the literature to provide significant improvements in tool life and a substantial reduction in fluid consumption. Dry machining, in turn, stands out for the complete elimination of cutting fluids, although it may present thermal limitations depending on the machining operation. Based on the literature reviewed, it is concluded that the analyzed strategies contribute to the sustainability of machining processes, with MQL and biodegradable cutting fluids being identified as promising alternatives. Nevertheless, further experimental studies and life cycle assessments are recommended to deepen the evaluation of these technologies.