Cigarette butt pollution on a mesotidal Argentine beach: spatial patterns, environmental drivers, and implications for coastal management

Abstract

Cigarette butts (CBs) were among the most prevalent types of litter found on tourist beaches, exhibiting high persistence and toxicity. This study analysed their spatial and temporal distribution on the mesotidal beach of Pehuen Co (Argentina), integrating environmental variables, recreational use, and social perception. Twelve monthly CB collection campaigns were conducted, and surveys were administered to beach visitors. Through multivariate analysis, three environmental scenarios were identified based on the interaction between tourist pressure, natural removal, and CB accumulation. The Cigarette Butts Pollution Index (CBPI) was also applied. The service zone exhibited the highest levels of pollution, while tidal action reduced accumulation in the intertidal areas. Visitors’ perceptions highlighted the lack of infrastructure for proper CB disposal. These findings support a scenario-based approach and highlight the CBPI as a valuable tool for coastal management, especially in highly seasonal tourist settings.