CRIME IN DEBATE: Theories and Impacts on Urban Society

Abstract

This study, developed for the Sociology of Crime, Deviance, and Conflict course, examines key criminological theories through a narrative literature review. Twelve theoretical approaches were analyzed, organized into five categories: structural theories (Anomie, Social Disorganization, Collective Efficacy), social process theories (Differential Association, Social Learning, Social Control, Self-Control), conflict theories (Labeling, Reintegrative Shaming), opportunity theories (Routine Activities, Deterrence, Broken Windows), and developmental theories (Life Course). The analysis revealed that violent crime stems from complex interactions between individual, social, and institutional factors, particularly highlighting the influence of social inequality, weakened community bonds, and limitations of the justice system. The study concludes that effective public policies should combine strategies for reducing inequalities, strengthening social capital, situational prevention, and restorative justice. The findings emphasize the importance of a multidisciplinary approach integrating sociological, psychological, and legal perspectives to properly understand and address criminal behavior.